国有单位工资结构及其就业规模变化的收入分配效应:1988—2007

本文使用1988年、1995年、2002年、2007年CHIP城镇入户调查数据考察国有单位工资结构及其就业规模变化的收入分配效应。为此,本文采用了分位数回归方法、以多重分位数回归为基础的Machado&Mata(2005)反事实分解方法及作者扩展了的方法。各结果表明:国有企业就业份额大幅度下降导致中国城镇工资收入差距显著下降;然而国有企业减员增效改革完成以后,国有企业工资高于非国有企业的幅度及其不合理部分大幅度上升,其结果是城镇工资收入差距扩大。     

Is inequality an inevitable by-product of skill-biased technical change?

This article examines trends in relative wages between high- and medium-skilled workers and between medium- and low-skilled workers in Finland, Germany, Italy, South Korea and the US over the period 1970–2005. It is found that there are large differences in the evolution wage inequality across the countries in our sample, with some countries showing a long-run upward trend in relative wages (such as the US, Germany and Italy) and others showing a long-run downward trend (such as Finland and Korea). The main conclusion from our results is that inequality is not an inevitable by-product of technological change.     

When a Door Closes,a Window Opens? Long‐Term Labor Market Effects of Involuntary Separations

This study estimates the earning losses of workers experiencing an involuntary job separation. We employ, for the first time in the earning losses literature, a Poisson pseudo‐maximum‐likelihood estimator with fixed effects that has several advantages with respect to conventional fixed effects models. The Poisson estimator allows considering the full set of involuntary separations, including those with zero labor market earnings because of unemployment. By including individuals with zero earnings and by using our new method, the loss in the year of separation becomes larger than in previous studies. The loss starts with roughly 30% and, although it quickly shrinks, it remains at around 15% in the following years. In addition, we find that compared to other reasons for separation, the earning loss pattern is unique for involuntary separations, because no other type of separation implies such permanent scarring. This latter finding makes us confident that the self‐reported involuntariness of a separation is a reliable source of information.     

英语技能在中国劳动力市场的工资溢价测算

作为人力资本的一种形式,语言能力在劳动力市场很可能有一定的经济回报。文章采用CFPS、CLDS和CGSS三套数据,检验了英语的工资回报效应。总体上,英语存在显著的"工资溢价"效应,且这种效应具有异质性。例如,年龄较大、受教育程度较高、从事管理和技术职业以及东部地区劳动者的英语经济回报率显著,同时英语能力对城市居民的影响要大于农村居民,对城市本地居民的影响要大于农民工。另外,在工资回报率上,英语的听说能力要明显大于英语的读写能力,而口语的作用又要大于听力。     

Decision usefulness of whole-asset operating lease capitalizations

Monson (2001) and Hepp and Scoles (2012) argue that some leased assets should be capitalized at the assets' purchase price (whole-asset value) rather than at the present value of future minimum lease payments (right-of-use asset value). The argument is based in part on the notion that the assets under lease generate future income not the obligation related to future lease payments. To test the notion we compare associations between capitalizations representing whole asset values and current and future return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) with capitalizations representing right-of-use asset values and current and future ROA and ROE. Our results indicate that the whole-asset annuity values are incrementally associated with future ROA and ROE over right-of-use asset values. We interpret our results to suggest that the current practice of capitalizing future lease payments does not fully reflect the income generation provided by leased assets.     

Real Minimum Wage and Growth Theory: Simulations and Some Policy Results

Abstract

A Solow type two‐sector growth model is used to examine several issues related to growth and unemployment in a minimum wage economy. By simulating the model, we demonstrate that given the same percentage increase in wage rate, an economy with a higher capital–labor ratio is more likely to decay. More importantly, a tariff policy reduces the unemployment periods by 92% provided that the current capital–labor ratio is one‐sixth of that of the steady state capital–labor ratio. We assume that the first best policy of uniform wage subsidy is not politically feasible.     

Globalization,technical change and the skill premium: magnification effects from human – capital investments

This paper shows that endogenous adjustments in the composition of labour supplies magnify the effects of changes in commodity prices on the measured skill premium under quite plausible conditions. These composition effects arise from decisions of individuals with heterogeneous inherent abilities about acquiring human capital. They reinforce the well-known Stolper?–?Samuelson effect on the measured skill premium in countries with a sufficiently high relative supply of skilled labour, but compensate them otherwise. As a result, the model can account for the observation of a worldwide increase in the skill premium during the last two decades.     

Sex Differentials in Earnings in the South Korean Labor Market

We examine gender differences in earnings among South Korean workers in 1988 – the year the South Korean National Assembly enacted the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. Using the "88 Occupational Wage Bargaining Survey on the Actual Condition," we calculate women's mean earnings as a percentage of men's mean earnings by major industrial category and educational attainment. We find a larger wage gap among clerical and sales workers than production workers or professionals. Generally, the more education a woman has, the smaller the gap between her earnings and those of her male counterparts. Women with a middle-school education have a mean income 53.5 percent that of comparable men, while the female-to-male wage ratio among college graduates is 76.1 percent. We analyze wage differences separately for women and men. Following Ronald Oaxaca's (1973) work, we decompose male–female wage differentials. We also calculate a discrimination coefficient. Our work shows that, all else equal, men earn from 33.6 percent to 46.9 percent more than women with comparable skills. We attribute the difference to gender discrimination.     

Emigration and wages: The EU enlargement experiment

The enlargement of the European Union provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of the lifting of migration restrictions on the migrant sending countries. With EU enlargement in 2004, 1.2 million workers from Eastern Europe emigrated to the UK and Ireland. I use this emigration wave to show that emigration significantly changed the wage distribution in the sending country, in particular between young and old workers. Using a novel dataset from Lithuania, the UK and Ireland for the calibration of a structural model of labor demand, I find that over the period of five years emigration increased the wages of young workers by 6%, while it had no effect on the wages of old workers. Contrary to the immigration literature, there is no significant effect of emigration on the wage distribution between high-skilled and low-skilled workers.     

采用数据扩展技术在OFDM系统中实现不等错误保护传输

本文提出了采用数据扩展技术在正交频分复用(OFDM)系统中实现不等错误保护(UEP)传输的自适应调制算法.利用原始数据符号传输特性相同的特点,分别研究了以提高信道容量为目标,功率一定,最大化传输速率的不等错误保护UEP算法;以及以用户需求为目标,传输速率一定,最小化总功率的不等错误保护UEP算法.这两种算法均可根据待传输数据的要求,保证不同优先级数据的不同传输质量和不同传输速率.仿真结果表明,最大化传输速率UEP算法可以在速率最大化的同时,保证传输质量要求;最小化总功率UEP算法可以在最小化发射功率的前提下,保证传输质量要求.与传统OFDM系统中相应算法的比较结果可以看出,采用数据扩展技术可以大大降低算法复杂度,减少有关调制参数信息的传输,在实现UEP时,在性能和复杂度之间具有较好的折中,具有较高的实际应用价值.